Edexcel iGCSE Physics

7.03 know the terms atomic (proton) number, mass (nucleon) number and isotope

Atomic (proton) number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Mass (nucleon) number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

An isotope is an atom of the same element, i.e. it has the same number of protons/same atomic number, but has a different number of neutrons/different mass number. Two atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes 

see 7.02 for example 
2022-11-29T15:24:58+00:00Categories: (b) Radioactivity, 7 Radioactivity and particles, Edexcel iGCSE Physics, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , , |

7.02 describe the structure of an atom in terms of protons, neutrons and electrons and use symbols such as 146C to describe particular nuclei

Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons.

Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus, electrons are in the shells

2022-11-29T15:24:49+00:00Categories: (b) Radioactivity, 7 Radioactivity and particles, Edexcel iGCSE Physics, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , , |

7.01 use the following units: becquerel (Bq), centimetre (cm), hour (h), minute (min) and second (s)

the units for:

frequency of decay : becquerel (Bq), 1 (Bq) for 1 decay / sec 

distance : centimetres (cm), normally however is (m)

time : hour (h), minute (min) but normally (s) 

2022-11-29T15:23:30+00:00Categories: 7 Radioactivity and particles, 7(a) Units, Edexcel iGCSE Physics, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , , |

6.18 explain the use of step-up and step-down transformers in the large-scale generation and transmission of electrical energy

Step Up transformers increase the voltage – more secondary turns than primary

Step Down transformers decrease the voltage – more primary turns than secondary
2019-06-28T10:59:38+00:00Categories: (d) Electromagnetic induction, 6 Magnetism and electromagnetism, Edexcel iGCSE Physics, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , |

6.17 describe the structure of a transformer, and understand that a transformer changes the size of an alternating voltage by having different numbers of turns on the input and output sides

AC current in the primary coil produces a changing magnetic field around the primary coil.

The iron core channels the changing field through the secondary coil.

The changing magnetic field induces a voltage in the secondary coil.
2019-06-28T10:59:11+00:00Categories: (d) Electromagnetic induction, 6 Magnetism and electromagnetism, Edexcel iGCSE Physics, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , |

6.16 describe the generation of electricity by the rotation of a magnet within a coil of wire and of a coil of wire within a magnetic field, and describe the factors that affect the size of the induced voltage

Electricity can be generated by either moving a magnet inside a coil of wire or rotating a coil inside a permanent magnetic field.

 

Model answer for a generator (Rotating coil):

·         Coil is rotated within a magnetic field

·         As it turns the coil cuts the magnetic field lines.

·         This induces a voltage (or current) in the coil.

·         This can then be connected to an existing circuit.

·         In a generator, energy is being converted from kinetic (mechanical) energy into electrical energy.

·         The size of the induced voltage (or current) can be increased by:

·         Using a stronger magnet

·         Having more turns in the coil

·         Spinning/moving the coil faster.

 

Model answer for a generator (Rotating magnet)

·         Magnet is rotated within a coil

·         As it turns the coil cuts the constantly changing magnetic field lines from the magnet.

·         This induces a voltage (or current) in the coil.

·         This can then be connected to an existing circuit.

·         In a generator, energy is being converted from kinetic (mechanical) energy into electrical energy.

·         The size of the induced voltage (or current) can be increased by:

·         Using a stronger magnet

·         Having more turns in the coil

·         Spinning/moving the magnet faster.

 
2019-06-28T10:58:44+00:00Categories: (d) Electromagnetic induction, 6 Magnetism and electromagnetism, Edexcel iGCSE Physics, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , |

6.15 know that a voltage is induced in a conductor or a coil when it moves through a magnetic field or when a magnetic field changes through it and describe the factors that affect the size of the induced voltage

When a conductor (can be a wire, coil or just a piece of metal) experiences a changing magnetic field a potential difference or voltage is induced in it. The strength of the potential difference depends on the strength of the magnetic field, how fast it changes i.e. how fast the coil is spinning, and how much of the conductor is exposed to the field i.e. how many turns in the coil.

2019-06-28T10:58:17+00:00Categories: (d) Electromagnetic induction, 6 Magnetism and electromagnetism, Edexcel iGCSE Physics, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , |

6.14 describe how the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field changes with the magnitude and direction of the field and current

If you increase the magnitude of the current through a wire or the size of the magnet being used, you increase the force on the wire.

If you change the direction of the current or reverse the poles of the magnet, you change the direction of the force on the wire
2022-11-29T15:23:13+00:00Categories: (c) Electromagnetism, 6 Magnetism and electromagnetism, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , , |

6.12 understand why a force is exerted on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field, and how this effect is applied in simple d.c. electric motors and loudspeakers

Motor

  • Current flows in the wire/coil.
  • This creates a magnetic field around the wire/coil.
  • This magnetic field interacts with the field from the permanent magnet.
  • This produces a force on the wire/coil which moves the wire/coil.
  • The split-ring commutator changes the direction of the current every half turn as it spins. This reverses the direction of the forces, allowing the coil to continue spinning.

Loudspeaker

  • An alternating current from the source passes though the coils in the speaker.
  • This current is constantly changing direction and magnitude
  • This current creates a magnetic field around the coil
  • This field interacts with the magnetic field from the permanent magnets
  • Creating a constantly changing force on the coil.
  • This causes the coil to vibrate in and out as the direction of the force changes, moving the cone
  • The cone causes vibrations which we hear as sound waves.
2022-11-29T15:22:21+00:00Categories: (c) Electromagnetism, 6 Magnetism and electromagnetism, Edexcel iGCSE Physics, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , , |

6.11 know that there is a force on a charged particle when it moves in a magnetic field as long as its motion is not parallel to the field

The movement of the charged particle is a current so it produces a magnetic field. This magnetic field interacts with the permanent magnetic field to create a force. The force is perpendicular to the direction of motion and the permanent magnetic field.
2019-06-28T10:49:25+00:00Categories: (c) Electromagnetism, 6 Magnetism and electromagnetism, Edexcel iGCSE Physics, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , |

6.08 know that an electric current in a conductor produces a magnetic field around it

A current travelling along a wire produces a circular magnetic field around the wire.

The magnetic field direction can be determined using the right hand grip rule.
2022-11-29T15:21:48+00:00Categories: (c) Electromagnetism, 6 Magnetism and electromagnetism, Edexcel iGCSE Physics, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , , |

6.07 describe how to use two permanent magnets to produce a uniform magnetic field pattern

A uniform magnetic field is comprised of straight, parallel lines which are evenly spaced. Between two opposite charges on flat magnets, a uniform magnetic field is formed.
2022-11-29T15:20:00+00:00Categories: (b) Magnetism, 6 Magnetism and electromagnetism, Edexcel iGCSE Physics, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , , , |

6.05 know that magnetism is induced in some materials when they are placed in a magnetic field

When magnetic materials are bought near or touch the pole of a strong or permanent magnet, they become magnets. This magnetic character is induced in the objects and it is removed when the permanent magnet is removed. This is a temporary magnet

Magnetism is induced in the paperclips so each paperclip can attract another one
2019-06-28T10:45:46+00:00Categories: (b) Magnetism, 6 Magnetism and electromagnetism, Edexcel iGCSE Physics, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , |

6.04 understand the term magnetic field line

Around every magnet there is a region of space where we can detect magnetism (where magnetic materials will be affected).

This is called the magnetic field and in a diagram we represent this with magnetic field lines. 

The magnetic field lines should always point from north to south.

2022-11-29T15:19:26+00:00Categories: (b) Magnetism, 6 Magnetism and electromagnetism, Edexcel iGCSE Physics, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , , , |

6.03 describe the properties of magnetically hard and soft materials

Permanent magnets are made of magnetically hard materials such as steel. These materials retain their magnetism once magnetised.

Some materials like iron are magnetically soft. They lose their magnetism once they are no longer exposed to a magnetic field. They are used as temporary magnets such as electromagnets.

2019-06-28T10:55:29+00:00Categories: (b) Magnetism, Edexcel iGCSE Physics, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , |

5.21 use the relationship between the pressure and Kelvin temperature of a fixed mass of gas at constant volume:

P1/T1 = P2/T2

*Temperature must be in Kelvin

Temperature law:

For a fixed mass of gas at constant volume, the pressure is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature

2019-06-28T08:04:16+00:00Categories: (d) Ideal gas molecules, 5 Solids, liquids and gasses, Edexcel iGCSE Physics, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , |

5.20 Explain, for a fixed amount of gas, the qualitative relationship between: pressure and volume at constant temperature, pressure and Kelvin temperature at constant volume.

  • As you heat the gas, the kinetic energy of the particles increases, and thus so does their average speed.
  • This means more collisions per second with the walls, and they exert a larger force on the wall.
  • This causes in the total pressure being exerted by the particles to rise.
  • If temperature is constant, the average speed of the particles is constant.
  • If the same number of particles is placed in a container of smaller volume they will hit the walls of the container more often.
  • More collisions per second means that the particles are exerting a larger force on the wall over the same time, so average force exerted on the walls has increased.
2022-11-29T15:17:53+00:00Categories: (d) Ideal gas molecules, 5 Solids, liquids and gasses, Edexcel iGCSE Physics, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , , |

5.15 explain how molecules in a gas have random motion and that they exert a force and hence a pressure on the walls of a container

Gas laws:

  • Gas molecules have rapid and random motion.
  • When they hit the walls of the container, they exert a force.
  • Pressure = Force/Area
2022-11-29T15:15:53+00:00Categories: (d) Ideal gas molecules, 5 Solids, liquids and gasses, Edexcel iGCSE Physics, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , , |

5.12 know that specific heat capacity is the energy required to change the temperature of an object by one degree Celsius per kilogram of mass (J/kg °C)

Specific heat capacity:

  • Amount of heat energy required to increase the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 10
  • Unit J/kg 0C
2019-06-28T09:25:06+00:00Categories: (c) Change of state, 5 Solids, liquids and gasses, Edexcel iGCSE Physics, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , |

5.10 describe the arrangement and motion of particles in solids, liquids and gases

solids:

  • Tightly packed
  • Held in fixed pattern
  • Vibrate about fixed positions

liquids:

  • Tightly packed
  • Can slide over each other

gasses: 

  • Very spread out
  • Move with rapid, random motion

 

2019-06-28T09:23:48+00:00Categories: (c) Change of state, 5 Solids, liquids and gasses, Edexcel iGCSE Physics, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , , |

5.07 know and use the relationship for pressure difference: p = h × ρ × g

Pressure difference [Pa] = Density [kg/m3] x g [N/kg] x Height [m]

ΔP = ρ g h

  • The equation can be used in liquids or gases provided you know their densities.

P1 – Patm = ρ g h

P1 = ρ g h + Patm

2019-06-27T11:21:33+00:00Categories: (b) Density and pressure, 5 Solids, liquids and gasses, Edexcel iGCSE Physics, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , |

5.04 practical: investigate density using direct measurements of mass and volume

  • The density of an object can be found by measuring the mass and volume and applying the formula above to calculate the density.
  • For a regular object use a ruler to measure the lengths needed to determine the volume.
  • For an irregular object submerge it in water and measure the displaced volume.
  • Measure the mass of either type of object using a measuring balance.
2019-06-27T11:20:00+00:00Categories: (b) Density and pressure, 5 Solids, liquids and gasses, Edexcel iGCSE Physics, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , |

5.01 use the following units: degree Celsius (°C), Kelvin (K), joule (J), kilogram (kg), kilogram/metre3 (kg/m3), metre (m), metre2 (m2), metre3 (m3), metre/second (m/s), metre/second2 (m/s2), newton (N) and pascal (Pa)

The units for:

temperature: degree Celsius (°C) or Kelvin (K)

Energy: Joule (J)

mass: Kilogram (kg)

density: kilogram/metre cubed (kg/m3)

distance: metre (m)

area: metre squared (m2)

volume: metre cubed (m3)

velocity: metre per second (m/s)

acceleration: metre per second squared (m/s2)

force: newton (N)

pressure: pascal (Pa)

2022-11-29T15:14:23+00:00Categories: 5 Solids, liquids and gasses, 5(a) Units, Edexcel iGCSE Physics, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , , , , |

4.15 understand how conservation of energy produces a link between gravitational potential energy, kinetic energy and work

Because energy is conserved the decrease in GPE = increase in KE, for a falling object if no energy is lost to the surroundings

2022-11-29T15:13:21+00:00Categories: (c) Work and power, 4 Energy resources and energy transfers, Edexcel iGCSE Physics, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , , |

4.13 know and use the relationship between gravitational potential energy, mass, gravitational field strength and height: GPE = m × g × h

Gravitational potential energy  (J) =  Mass (kg) x gravitational field strength (N/kg) x height (m) 

2022-11-29T15:12:52+00:00Categories: (c) Work and power, 4 Energy resources and energy transfers, Edexcel iGCSE Physics, Uncategorized|Tags: , , , , , , |
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Section 1: Principles of chemistry

      a) States of matter

      b) Atoms

      c) Atomic structure

     d) Relative formula masses and molar volumes of gases

     e) Chemical formulae and chemical equations

     f) Ionic compounds

     g) Covalent substances

     h) Metallic crystals

     i) Electrolysis

 Section 2: Chemistry of the elements

     a) The Periodic Table

     b) Group 1 elements: lithium, sodium and potassium

     c) Group 7 elements: chlorine, bromine and iodine

     d) Oxygen and oxides

     e) Hydrogen and water

     f) Reactivity series

     g) Tests for ions and gases

Section 3: Organic chemistry

     a) Introduction

     b) Alkanes

     c) Alkenes

     d) Ethanol

Section 4: Physical chemistry

     a) Acids, alkalis and salts

     b) Energetics

     c) Rates of reaction

     d) Equilibria

Section 5: Chemistry in industry

     a) Extraction and uses of metals

     b) Crude oil

     c) Synthetic polymers

     d) The industrial manufacture of chemicals

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