(f) Ionic bonding

1:37 understand how ions are formed by electron loss or gain

Ions are electrically charged particles formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.

They have the same electronic structures as noble gases.

 

Metal atoms form positive ions (cations).

 

 

 

Non-metal atoms form negative ions (anions).

 

 

1:38b know the charges of these ions: metals in Groups 1, 2 and 3, non-metals in Groups 5, 6 and 7, hydrogen (H⁺), hydroxide (OH⁻), ammonium (NH₄⁺), carbonate (CO₃²⁻), nitrate (NO₃⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻)

Name of IonFormulaCharge
SulfateSO42--2
CarbonateCO32--2
NitrateNO3--1
HydroxideOH--1
AmmoniumNH4++1
Hydrogen ionH++1

Ion charges on the periodic table

1:38 know the charges of these ions: metals in Groups 1, 2 and 3, non-metals in Groups 5, 6 and 7, Ag⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Pb²⁺, Zn²⁺, hydrogen (H⁺), hydroxide (OH⁻), ammonium (NH₄⁺), carbonate (CO₃²⁻), nitrate (NO₃⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻)

Name of IonFormulaCharge
SulfateSO42--2
CarbonateCO32--2
NitrateNO3--1
HydroxideOH--1
AmmoniumNH4++1
Silver ionAg++1
Zinc ionZn2++2
Hydrogen ionH++1
Copper (II) ionCu2++2
Iron (II) ionFe2++2
Iron (III) ionFe3++3
Lead (II) ionPb2++2

Ion charges on the periodic table

1:39 write formulae for compounds formed between the ions listed in 1:38

Writing the electron configuration of an atom allows you to work out the electron configuration of the ion and therefore the charge on the ion.

 

Examples:

Atom = Mg

Electron configuration = 2,8,2

remove the two electrons from the outer shell to achieve the same electron configuration as the nearest noble gas, Neon (Ne 2,8)

Ion = Mg2+ 

[2,8]2+

 

Atom = O

Electron configuration = 2,6

add two electrons to the outer shell to achieve the same electron configuration as the nearest noble gas, Neon (Ne 2,8)

Ion = O2-  [2,8]2-

 

1:40 draw dot-and-cross diagrams to show the formation of ionic compounds by electron transfer, limited to combinations of elements from Groups 1, 2, 3 and 5, 6, 7 only outer electrons need be shown

Sodium chloride, NaCl

 
  
Magnesium chloride, MgCl2

 
Potassium oxide, K2O

 

Calcium oxide, CaO

 
Aluminium oxide, Al2O3
 
 
Magnesium nitride, Mg3N2

1:42 understand why compounds with giant ionic lattices have high melting and boiling points

Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points because they have a giant structure with strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions that require a lot of energy to break.

 

Giant 3D lattice of sodium chloride (NaCl)

1:43 Know that ionic compounds do not conduct electricity when solid, but do conduct electricity when molten and in aqueous solution

Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity when solid.

However, ionic compounds do conduct electricity if molten or in solution.

 

 

Select a set of flashcards to study:

     Terminology

     Skills and equipment

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Section 1: Principles of chemistry

      a) States of matter

      b) Atoms

      c) Atomic structure

     d) Relative formula masses and molar volumes of gases

     e) Chemical formulae and chemical equations

     f) Ionic compounds

     g) Covalent substances

     h) Metallic crystals

     i) Electrolysis

 Section 2: Chemistry of the elements

     a) The Periodic Table

     b) Group 1 elements: lithium, sodium and potassium

     c) Group 7 elements: chlorine, bromine and iodine

     d) Oxygen and oxides

     e) Hydrogen and water

     f) Reactivity series

     g) Tests for ions and gases

Section 3: Organic chemistry

     a) Introduction

     b) Alkanes

     c) Alkenes

     d) Ethanol

Section 4: Physical chemistry

     a) Acids, alkalis and salts

     b) Energetics

     c) Rates of reaction

     d) Equilibria

Section 5: Chemistry in industry

     a) Extraction and uses of metals

     b) Crude oil

     c) Synthetic polymers

     d) The industrial manufacture of chemicals

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