Hydr0Gen2022-11-30T14:11:04+00:001:15 know the structure of an atom in terms of the positions, relative masses and relative charges of sub-atomic particles
Hydr0Gen2022-11-30T14:11:18+00:001:16 know what is meant by the terms atomic number, mass number, isotopes and relative atomic mass (Aᵣ)
Hydr0Gen2022-11-30T14:11:27+00:001:17 be able to calculate the relative atomic mass of an element (Aᵣ) from isotopic abundances
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T12:19:15+00:001:18 understand how elements are arranged in the Periodic Table: in order of atomic number, in groups and periods
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T12:19:42+00:001:19 understand how to deduce the electronic configurations of the first 20 elements from their positions in the Periodic Table
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T12:25:58+00:001:20 understand how to use electrical conductivity and the acid-base character of oxides to classify elements as metals or non-metals
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T12:26:21+00:001:21 identify an element as a metal or a non-metal according to its position in the Periodic Table
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T12:26:36+00:001:22 understand how the electronic configuration of a main group element is related to its position in the Periodic Table
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T12:26:46+00:001:23 Understand why elements in the same group of the Periodic Table have similar chemical properties
Hydr0Gen2023-09-18T11:05:10+00:001:25 write word equations and balanced chemical equations (including state symbols): for reactions studied in this specification and for unfamiliar reactions where suitable information is provided
Hydr0Gen2022-11-30T14:12:46+00:001:26 calculate relative formula masses (including relative molecular masses) (Mᵣ) from relative atomic masses (Aᵣ)
Hydr0Gen2018-04-25T21:37:27+00:001:27 know that the mole (mol) is the unit for the amount of a substance
Hydr0Gen2018-04-25T21:37:27+00:001:28 understand how to carry out calculations involving amount of substance, relative atomic mass (Aᵣ) and relative formula mass (Mᵣ)
Hydr0Gen2018-04-25T21:37:27+00:001:29 calculate reacting masses using experimental data and chemical equations
Hydr0Gen2019-05-23T15:22:37+00:001:31a understand how the formulae of simple compounds can be obtained experimentally, including metal oxides
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:36:41+00:001:31 understand how the formulae of simple compounds can be obtained experimentally, including metal oxides, water and salts containing water of crystallisation
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T08:29:26+00:001:32 know what is meant by the terms empirical formula and molecular formula
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T08:30:04+00:001:33 calculate empirical and molecular formulae from experimental data
Hydr0Gen2019-03-16T10:58:55+00:001:36 practical: know how to determine the formula of a metal oxide by combustion (e.g. magnesium oxide) or by reduction (e.g. copper(II) oxide)
Sam Mahal2022-12-08T10:46:44+00:001:38b know the charges of these ions: metals in Groups 1, 2 and 3, non-metals in Groups 5, 6 and 7, hydrogen (H⁺), hydroxide (OH⁻), ammonium (NH₄⁺), carbonate (CO₃²⁻), nitrate (NO₃⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻)
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:37:49+00:001:38 know the charges of these ions: metals in Groups 1, 2 and 3, non-metals in Groups 5, 6 and 7, Ag⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Pb²⁺, Zn²⁺, hydrogen (H⁺), hydroxide (OH⁻), ammonium (NH₄⁺), carbonate (CO₃²⁻), nitrate (NO₃⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻)
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:24:32+00:001:40 draw dot-and-cross diagrams to show the formation of ionic compounds by electron transfer, limited to combinations of elements from Groups 1, 2, 3 and 5, 6, 7 only outer electrons need be shown
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:24:55+00:001:42 understand why compounds with giant ionic lattices have high melting and boiling points
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:25:05+00:001:43 Know that ionic compounds do not conduct electricity when solid, but do conduct electricity when molten and in aqueous solution
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:26:44+00:001:44 know that a covalent bond is formed between atoms by the sharing of a pair of electrons
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:26:54+00:001:45 understand covalent bonds in terms of electrostatic attractions
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:28:29+00:001:46 understand how to use dot-and-cross diagrams to represent covalent bonds in: diatomic molecules, including hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, halogens and hydrogen halides, inorganic molecules including water, ammonia and carbon dioxide, organic molecules containing up to two carbon atoms, including methane, ethane, ethene and those containing halogen atoms
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:29:01+00:001:47 explain why substances with a simple molecular structures are gases or liquids, or solids with low melting and boiling points. The term intermolecular forces of attraction can be used to represent all forces between molecules
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:29:19+00:001:48 explain why the melting and boiling points of substances with simple molecular structures increase, in general, with increasing relative molecular mass
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:30:25+00:001:49 explain why substances with giant covalent structures are solids with high melting and boiling points
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:30:51+00:001:50 explain how the structures of diamond, graphite and C60 fullerene influence their physical properties, including electrical conductivity and hardness
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:31:03+00:001:51 know that covalent compounds do not usually conduct electricity
Hydr0Gen2019-06-21T14:39:25+00:001:52 (Triple only) know how to represent a metallic lattice by a 2-D diagram
Hydr0Gen2019-06-21T14:39:36+00:001:53 (Triple only) understand metallic bonding in terms of electrostatic attractions
Hydr0Gen2019-06-21T14:39:47+00:001:54 (Triple only) explain typical physical properties of metals, including electrical conductivity and malleability
Hydr0Gen2019-05-13T15:40:12+00:001:55 (Triple only) understand why covalent compounds do not conduct electricity
Hydr0Gen2019-05-13T15:39:56+00:001:56 (Triple only) understand why ionic compounds conduct electricity only when molten or in aqueous solution
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T12:29:10+00:002:01 understand how the similarities in the reactions of lithium, sodium and potassium with water provide evidence for their recognition as a family of elements
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T12:29:20+00:002:02 understand how the differences between the reactions of lithium, sodium and potassium with air and water provide evidence for the trend in reactivity in Group 1
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T12:29:32+00:002:03 use knowledge of trends in Group 1 to predict the properties of other alkali metals
Hydr0Gen2019-06-21T14:03:07+00:002:04 (Triple only) explain the trend in reactivity in Group 1 in terms of electronic configurations
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:50:40+00:002:05 know the colours, physical states (at room temperature) and trends in physical properties of chlorine, bromine and iodine
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:51:01+00:002:06 use knowledge of trends in Group 7 to predict the properties of other halogens
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:51:13+00:002:07 understand how displacement reactions involving halogens and halides provide evidence for the trend in reactivity in Group 7
Hydr0Gen2019-06-21T14:04:08+00:002:08 (Triple only) explain the trend in reactivity in Group 7 in terms of electronic configurations
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T12:30:26+00:002:15 understand how metals can be arranged in a reactivity series based on their reactions with: water and dilute hydrochloric or sulfuric acid
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T12:30:47+00:002:16 understand how metals can be arranged in a reactivity series based on their displacement reactions between: metals and metal oxides, metals and aqueous solutions of metal salts
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T12:31:04+00:002:17 know the order of reactivity of these metals: potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, zinc, iron, copper, silver, gold
Sam Mahal2022-12-12T11:13:19+00:002:19a understand how the rusting of iron may be prevented by: barrier methods, galvanising
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T12:31:29+00:002:19 understand how the rusting of iron may be prevented by: barrier methods, galvanising and sacrificial protection
Hydr0Gen2023-04-19T10:58:30+00:002:20 in terms of gain or loss of oxygen and loss or gain of electrons, understand the terms: oxidation, reduction, redox, oxidising agent, reducing agent, in terms of gain or loss of oxygen and loss or gain of electrons
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T12:32:04+00:002:21 practical: investigate reactions between dilute hydrochloric and sulfuric acids and metals (e.g. magnesium, zinc and iron)
Hydr0Gen2019-06-21T14:45:07+00:002:25 (Triple only) explain the uses of aluminium, copper, iron and steel in terms of their properties the types of steel will be limited to low-carbon (mild), high-carbon and stainless
Hydr0Gen2019-06-21T14:45:47+00:002:26 (Triple only) know that an alloy is a mixture of a metal and one or more elements, usually other metals or carbon
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:38:25+00:002:29 understand how to use the pH scale, from 0–14, can be used to classify solutions as strongly acidic (0–3), weakly acidic (4–6), neutral (7), weakly alkaline (8–10) and strongly alkaline (11–14)
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:39:19+00:002:30 describe the use of Universal Indicator to measure the approximate pH value of an aqueous solution
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:39:28+00:002:31 know that acids in aqueous solution are a source of hydrogen ions and alkalis in a aqueous solution are a source of hydroxide ions
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:40:19+00:002:34 know the general rules for predicting the solubility of ionic compounds in water: common sodium, potassium and ammonium compounds are soluble, all nitrates are soluble, common chlorides are soluble, except those of silver and lead(II), common sulfates are soluble, except for those of barium, calcium and lead(II), common carbonates are insoluble, except for those of sodium, potassium and ammonium, common hydroxides are insoluble except for those of sodium, potassium and calcium (calcium hydroxide is slightly soluble)
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:41:38+00:002:36 understand that an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:41:49+00:002:37 describe the reactions of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid with metals, bases and metal carbonates (excluding the reactions between nitric acid and metals) to form salts
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:42:29+00:002:38 know that metal oxides, metal hydroxides and ammonia can act as bases, and that alkalis are bases that are soluble in water
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:42:40+00:002:39 describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt, starting from an insoluble reactant
Hydr0Gen2019-05-13T15:37:35+00:002:40 (Triple only) describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt, starting from an acid and alkali
Hydr0Gen2019-05-13T15:37:24+00:002:41 (Triple only) describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of an insoluble salt, starting from two soluble reactants
Hydr0Gen2023-09-18T11:07:48+00:002:42 practical: prepare a sample of pure, dry hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals starting from copper(II) oxide
Hydr0Gen2019-05-13T15:37:14+00:002:43 (Triple only) practical: prepare a sample of pure, dry lead(II) sulfate
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:43:33+00:002:44 describe tests for these gases: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, chlorine
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:44:14+00:002:46 know the colours formed in flame tests for these cations: Li⁺ is red, Na⁺ is yellow, K⁺ is lilac, Ca²⁺ is orange-red, Cu²⁺ is blue-green
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:44:30+00:002:47 describe tests for these cations: NH₄⁺ using sodium hydroxide solution and identifying the gas evolved, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ using sodium hydroxide solution
Sam Mahal2022-12-12T11:10:04+00:002:48a describe a test for CO₃²⁻ using hydrochloric acid and identifying the gas evolved
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:44:43+00:002:48 describe tests for these anions: Cl⁻, Br⁻ and I⁻ using acidified silver nitrate solution, SO₄²⁻ using acidified barium chloride solution, CO₃²⁻ using hydrochloric acid and identifying the gas evolved
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:58:37+00:003:01 know that chemical reactions in which heat energy is given out are described as exothermic, and those in which heat energy is taken in are described as endothermic
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:58:51+00:003:02 describe simple calorimetry experiments for reactions such as combustion, displacement, dissolving and neutralisation
Hydr0Gen2023-03-06T17:22:19+00:003:03 calculate the heat energy change from a measured temperature change using the expression Q = mcΔT
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:59:12+00:003:04 calculate the molar enthalpy change (ΔH) from the heat energy change, Q
Hydr0Gen2019-05-13T15:37:05+00:003:05 (Triple only) draw and explain energy level diagrams to represent exothermic and endothermic reactions
Hydr0Gen2019-05-13T15:36:56+00:003:06 (Triple only) know that bond-breaking is an endothermic process and that bond-making is an exothermic process
Hydr0Gen2019-05-13T15:36:47+00:003:07 (Triple only) use bond energies to calculate the enthalpy change during a chemical reaction
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:59:24+00:003:08 practical: investigate temperature changes accompanying some of the following types of change: salts dissolving in water, neutralisation reactions, displacement reactions and combustion reactions
Hydr0Gen2022-11-02T20:24:20+00:003:09 describe experiments to investigate the effects of changes in surface area of a solid, concentration of a solution, temperature and the use of a catalyst on the rate of a reaction
Hydr0Gen2022-11-30T14:30:11+00:003:10 describe the effects of changes in surface area of a solid, concentration of a solution, pressure of a gas, temperature and the use of a catalyst on the rate of a reaction
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:19:55+00:003:11 explain the effects of changes in surface area of a solid, concentration of a solution, pressure of a gas and temperature on the rate of a reaction in terms of particle collision theory
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:20:08+00:003:12 know that a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction, but is chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction
Hydr0Gen2022-10-19T07:44:49+00:003:13 know that a catalyst works by providing an alternative pathway with lower activation energy
Hydr0Gen2019-05-13T15:36:30+00:003:14 (Triple only) draw and explain reaction profile diagrams showing ΔH and activation energy
Hydr0Gen2022-11-30T14:30:40+00:003:15 practical: investigate the effect of changing the surface area of marble chips and of changing the concentration of hydrochloric acid on the rate of reaction between marble chips and dilute hydrochloric acid
Hydr0Gen2019-10-25T11:26:46+00:003:16 practical: investigate the effect of different solids on the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T08:33:05+00:004:01 know that a hydrocarbon is a compound of hydrogen and carbon only
Sam Mahal2022-12-12T11:18:38+00:004:02a understand how to represent organic molecules using molecular formulae, general formulae, structural formulae and displayed formulae
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T08:33:16+00:004:02 understand how to represent organic molecules using empirical formulae, molecular formulae, general formulae, structural formulae and displayed formulae
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T08:33:27+00:004:03 know what is meant by the terms homologous series, functional group and isomerism
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T08:33:38+00:004:04 understand how to name compounds relevant to this specification using the rules of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature. Students will be expected to name compounds containing up to six carbon atoms
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T08:33:53+00:004:05 understand how to write the possible structural and displayed formulae of an organic molecule given its molecular formula
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T08:34:04+00:004:06 understand how to classify reactions of organic compounds as substitution, addition and combustion. Knowledge of reaction mechanisms is not required
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T08:34:25+00:004:08 describe how the industrial process of fractional distillation separates crude oil into fractions
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T08:34:49+00:004:09 know the names and uses of the main fractions obtained from crude oil: refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil and bitumen
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T08:35:37+00:004:10 know the trend in colour, boiling point and viscosity of the main fractions
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T08:35:44+00:004:11 know that a fuel is a substance that, when burned, releases heat energy
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T08:35:55+00:004:12 know the possible products of complete and incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons with oxygen in the air
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T08:36:04+00:004:13 understand why carbon monoxide is poisonous, in terms of its effect on the capacity of blood to transport oxygen references to haemoglobin are not required
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T08:36:43+00:004:17 describe how long-chain alkanes are converted to alkenes and shorter-chain alkanes by catalytic cracking (using silica or alumina as the catalyst and a temperature in the range of 600–700⁰C)
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T08:36:51+00:004:18 explain why cracking is necessary, in terms of the balance between supply and demand for different fractions
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:04:20+00:004:21 understand how to draw the structural and displayed formulae for alkanes with up to five carbon atoms in the molecule, and to name the unbranched-chain isomers
Hydr0Gen2018-04-25T21:51:10+00:004:22 describe the reactions of alkanes with halogens in the presence of ultraviolet radiation, limited to mono-substitution knowledge of reaction mechanisms is not required
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:05:17+00:004:26 understand how to draw the structural and displayed formulae for alkenes with up to four carbon atoms in the molecule, and name the unbranched-chain isomers. Knowledge of cis/trans or E/Z notation is not required
Hydr0Gen2018-04-25T21:51:58+00:004:27 describe the reactions of alkenes with bromine, to produce dibromoalkanes
Hydr0Gen2022-11-30T14:58:16+00:004:28 describe how bromine water can be used to distinguish between an alkane and an alkene
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:05:50+00:004:44 know that an addition polymer is formed by joining up many small molecules called monomers
Sam Mahal2022-12-08T10:49:26+00:004:45a understand how to draw the repeat unit of an addition polymer poly(ethene)
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:06:01+00:004:45 understand how to draw the repeat unit of an addition polymer, including poly(ethene), poly(propene), poly(chloroethene) and (poly)tetrafluroethene
Hydr0Gen2023-01-10T11:06:29+00:004:46 understand how to deduce the structure of a monomer from the repeat unit of an addition polymer and vice versa
Hydr0Gen2022-11-30T14:59:29+00:004:47 explain problems in the disposal of addition polymers, including: their inertness and inability to biodegrade, the production of toxic gases when they are burned
