GCSE _Physics_Single

4.15 understand how conservation of energy produces a link between gravitational potential energy, kinetic energy and work

Because energy is conserved the decrease in GPE = increase in KE, for a falling object if no energy is lost to the surroundings

5.01 use the following units: degree Celsius (°C), Kelvin (K), joule (J), kilogram (kg), kilogram/metre3 (kg/m3), metre (m), metre2 (m2), metre3 (m3), metre/second (m/s), metre/second2 (m/s2), newton (N) and pascal (Pa)

The units for:

temperature: degree Celsius (°C) or Kelvin (K)

Energy: Joule (J)

mass: Kilogram (kg)

density: kilogram/metre cubed (kg/m3)

distance: metre (m)

area: metre squared (m2)

volume: metre cubed (m3)

velocity: metre per second (m/s)

acceleration: metre per second squared (m/s2)

force: newton (N)

pressure: pascal (Pa)

5.15 explain how molecules in a gas have random motion and that they exert a force and hence a pressure on the walls of a container

Gas laws:

  • Gas molecules have rapid and random motion.
  • When they hit the walls of the container, they exert a force.
  • Pressure = Force/Area

5.20 Explain, for a fixed amount of gas, the qualitative relationship between: pressure and volume at constant temperature, pressure and Kelvin temperature at constant volume.

  • As you heat the gas, the kinetic energy of the particles increases, and thus so does their average speed.
  • This means more collisions per second with the walls, and they exert a larger force on the wall.
  • This causes in the total pressure being exerted by the particles to rise.
  • If temperature is constant, the average speed of the particles is constant.
  • If the same number of particles is placed in a container of smaller volume they will hit the walls of the container more often.
  • More collisions per second means that the particles are exerting a larger force on the wall over the same time, so average force exerted on the walls has increased.

6.04 understand the term magnetic field line

Around every magnet there is a region of space where we can detect magnetism (where magnetic materials will be affected).

This is called the magnetic field and in a diagram we represent this with magnetic field lines. 

The magnetic field lines should always point from north to south.

6.06 practical: investigate the magnetic field pattern for a permanent bar magnet and between two bar magnets

  1. Place your bar magnet in the centre of the next page and draw around it.
  2. Place a compass at one pole of the bar magnet.
  3. Draw a ‘dot’ to show there the compass is pointing,
  4. Move the compass so the opposite end of the needle is pointing to the dot,
  5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until to reach the other pole of the magnet.
  6. Do this procedure at least 5 times from different points on the pole of the magnet.
    *Tip, try to be as accurate as possible when drawing your dots*
  7. Join up your dots to create the field line plots

6.07 describe how to use two permanent magnets to produce a uniform magnetic field pattern

A uniform magnetic field is comprised of straight, parallel lines which are evenly spaced. Between two opposite charges on flat magnets, a uniform magnetic field is formed.

6.08 know that an electric current in a conductor produces a magnetic field around it

A current travelling along a wire produces a circular magnetic field around the wire.

The magnetic field direction can be determined using the right hand grip rule.

6.12 understand why a force is exerted on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field, and how this effect is applied in simple d.c. electric motors and loudspeakers

Motor

  • Current flows in the wire/coil.
  • This creates a magnetic field around the wire/coil.
  • This magnetic field interacts with the field from the permanent magnet.
  • This produces a force on the wire/coil which moves the wire/coil.
  • The split-ring commutator changes the direction of the current every half turn as it spins. This reverses the direction of the forces, allowing the coil to continue spinning.

Loudspeaker

  • An alternating current from the source passes though the coils in the speaker.
  • This current is constantly changing direction and magnitude
  • This current creates a magnetic field around the coil
  • This field interacts with the magnetic field from the permanent magnets
  • Creating a constantly changing force on the coil.
  • This causes the coil to vibrate in and out as the direction of the force changes, moving the cone
  • The cone causes vibrations which we hear as sound waves.

6.14 describe how the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field changes with the magnitude and direction of the field and current

If you increase the magnitude of the current through a wire or the size of the magnet being used, you increase the force on the wire.

If you change the direction of the current or reverse the poles of the magnet, you change the direction of the force on the wire

7.01 use the following units: becquerel (Bq), centimetre (cm), hour (h), minute (min) and second (s)

the units for:

frequency of decay : becquerel (Bq), 1 (Bq) for 1 decay / sec 

distance : centimetres (cm), normally however is (m)

time : hour (h), minute (min) but normally (s) 

7.02 describe the structure of an atom in terms of protons, neutrons and electrons and use symbols such as 146C to describe particular nuclei

Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons.

Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus, electrons are in the shells

7.03 know the terms atomic (proton) number, mass (nucleon) number and isotope

Atomic (proton) number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Mass (nucleon) number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

An isotope is an atom of the same element, i.e. it has the same number of protons/same atomic number, but has a different number of neutrons/different mass number. Two atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes 

see 7.02 for example 

7.04 know that alpha (α) particles, beta (β−) particles, and gamma (γ) rays are ionising radiations emitted from unstable nuclei in a random process

There are three types of ionising radiation:

Alpha (α), Beta (β) and Gamma (γ)

One radioactive source can release different types of radiation.

Ionisation is when an atom loses or gains an electron, causing it to become an ion (an atom which is positively or negatively charged).

7.06 practical: investigate the penetration powers of different types of radiation using either radioactive sources or simulations

Detect using a Geiger Müller Tube.

Try the three different materials in order, paper then aluminium then lead.

Count rate will significantly decrease if radiation is stopped.

7.14 describe uses of radioactivity in industry and medicine

Gamma radiography:

Medical tracer:

–          Radioactive tracer put in body (swallowed/injected)

–          Detector put around body

–          Computer generates an image

Gauging:

–          Coal absorbs a lot of radiation

–          If only a small amount of radiation is detected back after it is reflected by what you are trying to gauge, lots of coal is present.

Radiotherapy

  • High doses of radiation are directed at cancer cells
  • Cancer cells are killed

Pipe tracers:

–           A radioactive material which emits gamma radiation with a short half-life is put in the water

–          A detector is placed above the pipe

–          A spike in detected radioactivity suggests a leak in the pipe

Sterilisation:

  • Medical equipment irradiated
  • Kills all living matter on tools (e.g. bacteria)

Carbon dating:

7.15 describe the difference between contamination and irradiation

  • Contamination:

Occurs when material that contains radioactive atoms is deposited on materials, skin, clothing, or any place where it is not desired.

 

  • Irradiation:

The process by which an object is exposed to radiation.

7.16 describe the dangers of ionising radiations, including: that radiation can cause mutations in living organisms, that radiation can damage cells and tissue, the problems arising from the disposal of radioactive waste and how the associated risks can be reduced.

7.17 know that nuclear reactions, including fission, fusion and radioactive decay, can be a source of energy

  • Nuclear Fission:

The process where heavy atoms are split into smaller, lighter atoms. This releases energy.

  • Nuclear Fission:

The process where lighter atoms are forced to join together to make heavier atoms. This releases energy.

  • Radioactive Decay:

Within the core of the Earth, radioactive isotopes of elements such as uranium, thorium and potassium provide a large proportion of the heat within the Earth through radioactive decay.

7.19 know that the fission of U-235 produces two radioactive daughter nuclei and a small number of neutrons

  • A slow moving neutron is absorbed by a uranium 235 nucleus.
  • The resulting uranium 236 nucleus is unstable.
  • It splits to form two smaller daughter nuclei, three neutrons and gamma radiation.

8.01 use the following units: kilogram (kg), metre (m), metre/second (m/s), metre/second2 (m/s2), newton (N), second (s), newton/kilogram (N/kg)

units for:

Mass: kilogram (kg)

distance: metre (m)

velocity: metre per second (m/s) 

acceleration: metre per second squared (m/s2)

Force: newton (N)

time: second (s)

gravitational field strength: newton/kilogram (N/kg) 

 

Select a set of flashcards to study:

     Terminology

     Skills and equipment

     Remove Flashcards

Section 1: Principles of chemistry

      a) States of matter

      b) Atoms

      c) Atomic structure

     d) Relative formula masses and molar volumes of gases

     e) Chemical formulae and chemical equations

     f) Ionic compounds

     g) Covalent substances

     h) Metallic crystals

     i) Electrolysis

 Section 2: Chemistry of the elements

     a) The Periodic Table

     b) Group 1 elements: lithium, sodium and potassium

     c) Group 7 elements: chlorine, bromine and iodine

     d) Oxygen and oxides

     e) Hydrogen and water

     f) Reactivity series

     g) Tests for ions and gases

Section 3: Organic chemistry

     a) Introduction

     b) Alkanes

     c) Alkenes

     d) Ethanol

Section 4: Physical chemistry

     a) Acids, alkalis and salts

     b) Energetics

     c) Rates of reaction

     d) Equilibria

Section 5: Chemistry in industry

     a) Extraction and uses of metals

     b) Crude oil

     c) Synthetic polymers

     d) The industrial manufacture of chemicals

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