2.18 know that the voltage across two components connected in parallel is the same
VT = V1 = V2
2.19 calculate the currents, voltages and resistances of two resistive components connected in a series circuit
VT = V1 + V2
IT = I1 = I2
RT = R1 + R2
2.21 know and use the relationship between energy transferred, charge and voltage: E = Q × V
Energy Transferred (J) = charge (C) x Voltage (V)
2.22 identify common materials which are electrical conductors or insulators, including metals and plastics
Conducting Materials:
- Copper
- Aluminium
- Gold
- Silver
Will conduct electricity
Insulating Materials:
- Glass
- Air
- Plastic
- Rubber
- Wood
Will not conduct electricity
3.01 use the following units: degree (°), hertz (Hz), metre (m), metre/second (m/s) and second (s)
the units for:
angle = degree (°)
frequency = hertz (Hz)
wavelength = metre (m)
velocity = metre/second (m/s)
time = second (s)
3.02 explain the difference between longitudinal and transverse waves
Transverse Waves:
- A wave that vibrates or oscillates at right angles (perpendicular) to the direction in which energy is transferred/ the wave is moving.
- g. Light
Longitudinal Waves:
- A wave that vibrates or oscillates at parallel to (along) the direction in which energy is transferred/ the wave is moving.
- g. Sound
3.03 know the definitions of amplitude, wavefront, frequency, wavelength and period of a wave
Key Definitions:
- Wavefront: Created by overlapping lots of different waves. A wavefront is where all the vibrations are in phase and the same distance from the source.
- Amplitude: The maximum displacement of particles from their equilibrium position.
- Wavelength: The distance between a particular point on one cycle of the wave and the same point on the next cycle.
- Frequency: The number of waves passing a particular point per second. Is measured in Hertz (Hz).
- Time Period: The time it takes for one complete wave to pass a particular point.
3.04 know that waves transfer energy and information without transferring matter
Waves can transfer energy and information with out transferring matter, for example sun light, it transfers energy as it makes the earth warm without bringing any matter.
3.05 know and use the relationship between the speed, frequency and wavelength of a wave: v = f × λ
wave speed (m/s) = frequency (Hz) x Wavelength (m)
3.06 use the relationship between frequency and time period: time period x frequency = 1 or f = 1/T
Frequency (Hz) = 1/ Time Period (s)
3.07 use the above relationships in different contexts including sound waves and electromagnetic waves
You will need to use any of the in 3.05 and 3.06 to solve problems to do with sound waves and electromagnetic (light) waves
3.10 know that light is part of a continuous electromagnetic spectrum that includes radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray and gamma ray radiations and that all these waves travel at the same speed in free space
Electromagnetic Spectrum:
- A continuous spectrum of waves of differing frequency.
- All electromagnetic waves have the following properties:
- Transfer energy
- Are transverse waves
- Travel at the speed of light in a vacuum
- Can be reflected and refracted
3.11 know the order of the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of decreasing wavelength and increasing frequency, including the colours of the visible spectrum
Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared (IR)
Visible Light
Ultraviolet (UV)
X – Rays
Gamma Rays
these are written in order of increasing frequency, lowest at the top
and decreasing wavelength, lowest at the bottom.
the colours displayed are in order of lowest frequency to the left highest frequency to the right.
3.12 Explain some of the uses of electromagnetic radiations, including: radio waves: broadcasting and communications, microwaves: cooking and satellite transmissions, infrared: heaters and night vision equipment, visible light: optical fibres and photography, ultraviolet: fluorescent lamps, x-rays: observing the internal structure of objects and materials, including for medical applications, gamma rays: sterilising food and medical equipment.
|
uses of electromagnetic radiations, including: |
3.13 explain the detrimental effects of excessive exposure of the human body to electromagnetic waves, including: microwaves: internal heating of body tissue, infrared: skin burns, ultraviolet: damage to surface cells and blindness, gamma rays: cancer, mutation and describe simple protective measures against the risks
the detrimental effects of excessive exposure of the human body to electromagnetic waves:
• microwaves: internal heating of body tissue
• infrared: skin burns
• ultraviolet: damage to surface cells and blindness
• gamma rays: cancer, mutation
to reduce the risks:
- wear sun glasses, sun cream and stay in shade for UV
- Wear led clothing for Gamma
3.14 know that light waves are transverse waves and that they can be reflected and refracted
light is a transverse wave that can be reflected and refracted
3.17 practical: investigate the refraction of light, using rectangular blocks, semi-circular blocks and triangular prisms
|
1. Set up your apparatus as shown in the diagram using a rectangular block. 2. Shine the light ray through the glass block 3. Use crosses to mark the path of the ray. 4. Join up crosses with a ruler 5. Draw on a normal where the ray enters the glass block 6. Measure the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction and add these to your results table 7. Comment on how the speed of the light has changed as the light moves between the mediums. 8. Repeat this for different angles of incidence and different glass prisms. |
3.19 practical: investigate the refractive index of glass, using a glass block
|
1. Set up your apparatus as shown in the diagram using a rectangular block. 2. Shine the light ray through the glass block 3. Use crosses to mark the path of the ray. 4. Join up crosses with a ruler 5. Draw on a normal where the ray enters the glass block 6. Measure the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction and add these to your results table 7. Calculate the refractive 8. Repeat steps 2 – 7 using 9. Find an average of your
|
3.20 describe the role of total internal reflection in transmitting information along optical fibres and in prisms
Total Internal Reflection:
- Used to transmit signals along optical fibres.
3.21 explain the meaning of critical angle c
Critical Angle:
- The angle of incidence which produces an angle of refraction of 900 (refracted ray is along the boundary of the surface).
- When the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, total internal reflection occurs (all light is reflected at the boundary).
- This effect only occurs at a boundary from a high refractive index material to a low refractive index material.
3.22 know and use the relationship between critical angle and refractive index:
also remember:
critical angle = sin-1(1/n)
3.23 know that sound waves are longitudinal waves which can be reflected and refracted
sound waves are longitudinal waves which can be reflected and refracted.
4.01 use the following units: kilogram (kg), joule (J), metre (m), metre/second (m/s), metre/second2 (m/s2), newton (N), second (s) and watt (W)
know the units for
Mass = kilogram (kg)
energy = joule (J)
velocity = metre/second (m/s)
acelleration = metre/ second 2 (m/s2)
force = newton (N)
time = second (s)
power = watt (W)
4.02 describe energy transfers involving energy stores: energy stores: chemical, kinetic, gravitational, elastic, thermal, magnetic, electrostatic, nuclear and energy transfers: mechanically, electrically, by heating, by radiation (light and sound)
|
Energy Stores: Chemical – e.g. the food we eat Kinetic – movement energy Gravitational – objects that are lifted up Elastic – e.g. from springs Thermal – from hot objects Magnetic – objects in magnetic fields Electrostatic – charged objects Nuclear – stored within a nucleus
|
4.03 use the principle of conservation of energy
In any process energy is never created or destroyed. (It is just transferred from one store to another.)
4.05 describe a variety of everyday and scientific devices and situations, explaining the transfer of the input energy in terms of the above relationship, including their representation by Sankey diagrams
The energy flow is shown by arrows whose width is proportional to the amount of energy involved. The wasted and useful energy outputs are shown by different arrows.
4.11 know and use the relationship between work done, force and distance moved in the direction of the force: W = F × d
Work Done (J) = Force (N) x distance moved (m)
4.12 know that work done is equal to energy transferred
|
Work done = energy transferred |
4.13 know and use the relationship between gravitational potential energy, mass, gravitational field strength and height: GPE = m × g × h
Gravitational potential energy (J) = Mass (kg) x gravitational field strength (N/kg) x height (m)
4.14 know and use the relationship: kinetic energy = 1/2×m×v^2
Kinetic energy (J) = 0.5 x mass (kg) x velocity (m/s) 2
4.15 understand how conservation of energy produces a link between gravitational potential energy, kinetic energy and work
Because energy is conserved the decrease in GPE = increase in KE, for a falling object if no energy is lost to the surroundings
4.16 describe power as the rate of transfer of energy or the rate of doing work
power is the rate of transfer of energy, or the rate of work done. so p = E/t
5.01 use the following units: degree Celsius (°C), Kelvin (K), joule (J), kilogram (kg), kilogram/metre3 (kg/m3), metre (m), metre2 (m2), metre3 (m3), metre/second (m/s), metre/second2 (m/s2), newton (N) and pascal (Pa)
The units for:
temperature: degree Celsius (°C) or Kelvin (K)
Energy: Joule (J)
mass: Kilogram (kg)
density: kilogram/metre cubed (kg/m3)
distance: metre (m)
area: metre squared (m2)
volume: metre cubed (m3)
velocity: metre per second (m/s)
acceleration: metre per second squared (m/s2)
force: newton (N)
pressure: pascal (Pa)
5.02 use the following unit: joules/kilogram degree Celsius (J/kg °C)
the unit for
specific heat capacity: joules/kilogram degree Celsius (J/kg °C)
5.03 know and use the relationship between density, mass and volume:
Units of density depend on units used for mass and volume:
E.g. mass in [g] and volume in [cm3] gives density in [g/cm3], however mass in [kg] and volume in [m3] gives density in [kg/m3].
5.04 practical: investigate density using direct measurements of mass and volume
- The density of an object can be found by measuring the mass and volume and applying the formula above to calculate the density.
- For a regular object use a ruler to measure the lengths needed to determine the volume.
- For an irregular object submerge it in water and measure the displaced volume.
- Measure the mass of either type of object using a measuring balance.
5.05 know and use the relationship between pressure, force and area:
pressure (Pa) = force (N)/ area (m2)
- Pressure is defined as force per unit area.
- One pascal (Pa) is equivalent to one N/m2
5.07 know and use the relationship for pressure difference: p = h × ρ × g
Pressure difference [Pa] = Density [kg/m3] x g [N/kg] x Height [m]
ΔP = ρ g h
- The equation can be used in liquids or gases provided you know their densities.
P1 – Patm = ρ g h
P1 = ρ g h + Patm
5.10 describe the arrangement and motion of particles in solids, liquids and gases
solids:
- Tightly packed
- Held in fixed pattern
- Vibrate about fixed positions
liquids:
- Tightly packed
- Can slide over each other
gasses:
- Very spread out
- Move with rapid, random motion
5.11 practical: obtain a temperature–time graph to show the constant temperature during a change of state
- Remove the boiling tube of stearic acid from
the water bath - Place the tube into a beaker of room
temperature water - Add a separate thermometer to the water
- Take readings from the thermometer in the
stearic acid and the water every minute
[Make sure to avoid parallax error while doing so] - Note readings in the table below
- Note on the table when you observe the stearic
acid change from a liquid to a solid. - Plot your results in a graph
5.12 know that specific heat capacity is the energy required to change the temperature of an object by one degree Celsius per kilogram of mass (J/kg °C)
Specific heat capacity:
- Amount of heat energy required to increase the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 10
- Unit J/kg 0C